tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32895826434600759882024-03-13T15:15:59.206+07:00Kumpulan TugasAdminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17789261543885384149noreply@blogger.comBlogger9125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3289582643460075988.post-62943865115093925672011-01-16T02:36:00.000+07:002011-01-16T02:36:47.642+07:00Pernapasan Pada Hewan dan Manusia<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">Pada saat manusia bernapas, udara dari lingkungan luar akan masuk ke dalam sistem pernapasan melalui organ-argan yang menyusunnya. <b>Hidung</b> merupakan organ pertama yang dilaluinya. Di dalam rongga hidung terdapat rambut-rambut dan selaput lendir yang berguna untuk menyaring udara, menghangatkan udara dan mengatur kelembaban udara yang akan masuk ke paru-paru. Setelah melewati hidung, udara akan melewati faring yang merupakan persimpangan antara rongga mulut ke esofagus dan rongga hidung ke batang tenggorokan. Dr faring udara akan melewati <b>laring </b>( pangkal tenggorok ) yang memiliki katup pangkal tenggorokan ( <b>epiglotis</b> ). Pada laring juga terdapat selaput suara . Dari laring udara akan masuk ke batang tenggorokan ( <b>trakhea</b> ) yang tersusun atas cincin-cincin tulang rawan, Pada bagian dalam trakhea terdapat selaput lendir yg sel-selnya memiliki rambut getar ( cilia ) yg berfungsi menolak masuknya benda asing bersama-sama udara. Pada bagian akhir, ujung trakhea bercabang dua yang disebut <b>bronkhus</b>.Yang kanan akan masuk ke dalam paru-paru kanan, sedang yang kiri akan masuk paru-paru kiri. Di dalam paru-paru bronkhus bercabang-cabang menjadi <b>bronkhiolus</b>. Cabang-cabang terhalus dari bronkhiolus akan masuk ke dalam gelembung paru-paru ( <b>alveolus</b> ). Dinding alveolus terdiri atas satu lapis sel epitelium, dan banyak mengandung pembuluh kapiler. Di sinilah oksigen akan berdifusi ke dalam darah dan karbon dioksida serta air dilepaskan ke lingkungan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">Proses pernapasan itu sendiri pada prinsipnya meliputi proses-proses sebagai berikut :</span></div><ol start="1" style="font-family: inherit; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;">Proses menghirup udara dari lingkungan ( <b>Inspirasi </b>) dan ,</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;">Proses menghembuskan udara ke lingkungan atau <b>ekspirasi</b>. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;">Proses pertukaran oksigen ( O2 ) dengan karbondioksida ( CO2 ) , meliputi : </span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;">pertukaran oksigen ( O2 ) dari lingkungan dengan karbondioksida ( CO2 ) dari darah yang terjadi di alveolus ( disebut pernapasan luar / <b>respirasi eksterna</b>l ). </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;">pertukaran oksigen ( O2 ) dari darah dengan karbon dioksida ( CO2 ) dari sel / jaringan tubuh ( disebut pernapasan dalam / <b>respirasi int</b><b>ernal</b> ).</span></li>
</ul><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;">Proses <b>oksidasi</b> ( pembakaran ) zat makanan -terutama karbohidrat, lemak dan protein- untuk menghasilkan energi ( ATP ) terutama respirasi aerobik. Berlangsung di dalam sel terutama organel bernama mitokondria.</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">Berdasarkan tempatnya, pernapasan pada manusia dibedakan menjadi : <b>pernapasan dada</b> ( pernapasan tulang rusuk )</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">dan <b>pernapasan perut</b> ( pernapasan diafragma ).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </div><ul style="font-family: inherit; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;">Pernapasan dada terjadi bila <b>otot antar tulang rusuk</b> ( otot intercostalis ) bagian luar berkontraksi sehingga tulang rusuk terangkat ke atas, rongga dada membesar,paru-paru mengembang dan tekanan udara paru-paru rendah sehingga udara luar masuk ke dalam paru-paru.Ketika otot antar tulang rusuk bagian luar relaksasi maka tulang rusuk akan kembali ke posisi semula, rongga dada mengecil, paru-paru tertekan ,tekanan udara dalam paru-paru membesar shg udara terdorong keluar dari paru-paru ( ekspirasi )</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;">Pernapasan perut terjadi bila <b>otot diafragma</b> berkontraksi , maka rongga dada membesar sehingga paru-paru mengem-bang dan tekanan udara dalam paru-paru mengecil akibatnya udara luar masuk ke dalam paru-paru ( inspirasi ).Ketika otot diafragma relaksasi, maka rongga dada mengecil, paru-paru tertekan, tekanan udara dalam paru-paru membesar, sehingga udara dalam paru-paru terdorong keluar ( ekspirasi ).</span></li>
</ul>Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17789261543885384149noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3289582643460075988.post-30649580138945721752011-01-16T02:34:00.000+07:002011-01-16T02:34:46.756+07:00Ciri-Ciri Protozoa ( Protista mirip Hewan )<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">Tentu anda pernah mendengar ada seseoarang yang menderita penyakit malaria.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">Apa penyebab penyakit ini ? ya, penyakit ini disebabkan oleh salah satu anggota protozoa. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">Apa Protozoa itu ? Untuk mengetahuinya yuk kita baca info berikut ini !</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="font-family: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSsgyr1knva5-wBqQ00DQSeGB05xpwKoxAAYsxmmtXn37tSfhyAKA" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSsgyr1knva5-wBqQ00DQSeGB05xpwKoxAAYsxmmtXn37tSfhyAKA" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">http://t2.gstatic.com/images</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><span style="font-size: small;"><br style="font-family: inherit;" /></span> <div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: black;">PROTISTA MIRIP HEWAN ( PROTOZOA )</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">Dalam klasifikasi lama, protozoa dimasukkan dalam kingdom animalia. Namun pada klasifikasi system 6 kingdom, protozoa dimasukkan ke dalam kingdom Protista. Salah satu alasannya karena <i>tubuhnya tidak terdeferensiasi secara jelas</i> dan <i>pada proses reproduksinya tidak terbentuk embrio</i>.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"> Secara structural tubuh protozoa hanya terdiri atas satu sel ( <i>uniseller</i> ). Protozoa ditemukan hidup hampir di semua tempat ( kosmopolit ) baik di darat, perairan tawar, perairan laut bahkan di dalam tubuh mahkluk hidup lainnya baik sebagai parasit maupun sebagai simbion ( simbiosis ). </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"> Protozoa saat ini dikelompokkan ke dalam beberapa filum seperti tertera dalam tabel berikut :</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">Tabel 23.2.Beberapa filum dari kingdom protista mirip tumbuhan dan ciri khasnya</span></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; font-family: inherit;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border-color: windowtext; border-style: solid solid double; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.8pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: black;">FILUM</span></b></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid double none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1.5pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 82.65pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: black;">CARA GERAK</span></b></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid double none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1.5pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.65pt;" valign="top" width="126"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: black;">HABITAT</span></b></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid double none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1.5pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 121.95pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: black;">CONTOH GENUS/SPECIES</span></b></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid double none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1.5pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110.95pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: black;">KETERANGAN</span></b></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.8pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">Rhizopoda / Sarcodina</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 82.65pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">Pseudopodia/</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">”kaki Semu”</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.65pt;" valign="top" width="126"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">Air tawar, air</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">Laut, tanah,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">Dlm tubuh organisme lain</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 121.95pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">Amoeba</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">Entamoeba</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">Foraminifera, Arcella</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110.95pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">Hidup bebas</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">Hidup parasit</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">Hidup di laut, memiliki cangkang</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.8pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">Mastigophora/ Flagellata</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 82.65pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">Bulu cambuk/</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">Flagel</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.65pt;" valign="top" width="126"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">Dlm tubuh organisme sbg parasit,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 121.95pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">Trypanosoma</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">Trichomonas</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110.95pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">Parasit pd manusia</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.8pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">Ciliata / Ciliophora</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 82.65pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">Cilia /bulu getar</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.65pt;" valign="top" width="126"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">Tempat berair,tanah lembab, dalam tubuh organisme</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 121.95pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><span style="color: black;">Paramaecium</span></u><span style="color: black;"> <u>caudatum</u></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">Didinium, Vorticella, Stylonichia</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><span style="color: black;">Nyctoterus</span></u><span style="color: black;"> <u>ovalis</u></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110.95pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">Hidup bebas di perairan</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">Hidup di dalam usus kecoa</span></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.8pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">Sporozoa</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 82.65pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">Tidakbergerak</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">/immotil</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.65pt;" valign="top" width="126"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">Di dalam tubuh organisme sbg parasit</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 121.95pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">Plasmodium</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">( P.<u>malariae</u>, P.<u>ovale</u>,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">P.<u>falciparum</u> )</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110.95pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">Parasit pada manusia,beberapa jenisnya menyebabkan malaria</span></span></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table>Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17789261543885384149noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3289582643460075988.post-69395437074499285402011-01-16T02:28:00.000+07:002011-01-16T02:28:30.052+07:00Suhu<div class="entry"> <strong>Pengertian suhu</strong><br />
<br />
Suhu adalah besaran yang menyatakan derajat panas dingin suatu benda dan alat yang digunakan untuk mengukur suhu adalah thermometer. Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari masyarakat untuk mengukur suhu cenderung menggunakan indera peraba. Tetapi dengan adanya perkembangan teknologi maka diciptakanlah termometer untuk mengukur suhu dengan valid.<br />
<br />
Pada abad 17 terdapat 30 jenis skala yang membuat para ilmuan kebingungan. Hal ini memberikan inspirasi pada <em>Anders Celcius</em> (1701 – 1744) sehingga pada tahun 1742 dia memperkenalkan skala yang digunakan sebagai pedoman pengukuran suhu. Skala ini diberinama sesuai dengan namanya yaitu Skala Celcius. Apabila benda didinginkan terus maka suhunya akan semakin dingin dan partikelnya akan berhenti bergerak, kondisi ini disebut kondisi nol mutlak. Skala Celcius tidak bisa menjawab masalah ini maka <em>Lord Kelvin</em> (1842 – 1907) menawarkan skala baru yang diberi nama Kelvin. Skala kelvin dimulai dari 273 K ketika air membeku dan 373 K ketika air mendidih. Sehingga nol mutlak sama dengan 0 K atau -273°C. Selain skala tersebut ada juga skala Reamur dan Fahrenheit. Untuk skala Reamur air membeku pada suhu 0°R dan mendidih pada suhu 80°R sedangkan pada skala Fahrenheit air membuka pada suhu 32°F dan mendidih pada suhu 212°F.<br />
Berikut ini perbandingan skala dari termometer diatas<br />
<br />
<img alt="" height="194" src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2136/2397753394_fbb9e4764b_m.jpg" width="192" /><br />
Yang menjadi masalah dalam bab suhu adalah kebanyakan orang kesulitan untuk mengubah dari satu skala ke skala yang lainnya. Berikut ini adalah contoh mengubah dari skala celcius ke skala fahrenheit<br />
<br />
<a href="http://alljabbar.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/perubahan-skala.jpg"><img alt="" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-77" height="159" src="http://alljabbar.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/perubahan-skala.jpg?w=113&h=159" width="113" /></a><br />
Untuk skala yang lain caranya sama dengan contoh diatas.<br />
<br />
Thermometer menurut isinya dibagi menjadi : termometer cair, termometer padat, termometer digital. Semua termometer ini mempunyai keunggulan dan kelemahan masing-masing. Sedangkan berdasarkan penggunaannya termometer bermacam-macam sebagai misal termometer klinis, termometer lab dan lain-lain.<br />
<br />
<br />
<strong>Berikut ini pembahasan macam macam termometer.</strong><br />
<br />
Pembuatan termometer pertama kali dipelopori oleh Galileo Galilei (1564 – 1642) pada tahun 1595. Alat tersebut disebut dengan termoskop yang berupa labu kosong yang dilengkapi pipa panjang dengan ujung pipa terbuka. Mula-mula dipanaskan sehingga udara dalam labu mengembang. Ujung pipa yang terbuka kemudian dicelupkan kedalam cairan berwarna. Ketika udara dalam tabu menyusut, zat cair masuk kedalam pipa tetapi tidak sampai labu. Beginilah cara kerja termoskop. Untuk suhu yang berbeda, tinggi kolom zat cair di dalam pipa juga berbeda. Tinggi kolom ini digunakan untuk menentukan suhu. Prinsip kerja termometer buatan Galileo berdasarkan pada perubahan volume gas dalam labu. Tetapi dimasa ini termometer yang sering digunakan terbuat dari bahan cair misalnya raksa dan alkhohol. Prinsip yang digunakan adalah pemuaian zat cair ketika terjadi peningkatan suhu benda.<br />
<br />
Raksa digunakan sebagai pengisi termometer karena raksa mempunyai keunggulan :<br />
<ol><li>raksa penghantar panas yang baik</li>
<li>pemuaiannya teratur</li>
<li>titik didihnya tinggi</li>
<li>warnanya mengkilap</li>
<li>tidak membasahi dinding</li>
</ol>Sedangkan keunggulan alkhohol adalah :<br />
<ol><li>titik bekunya rendah</li>
<li>harganya murah</li>
<li>pemuaiannya 6 kali lebih besar dari pada raksa sehingga pengukuran mudah diamati </li>
</ol><br />
<em><strong>Termometer Laboratorium</strong></em><br />
Termometer ini menggunakan cairan raksa atau alkhohol. Jika cairan bertambah panas maka raksa atau alkhohol akan memuai sehingga skala nya bertambah. Agar termometer sensitif terhadap suhu maka ukuran pipa harus dibuat kecil (pipa kapiler) dan agar peka terhadap perubahan suhu maka dinding termometer (reservoir) dibuat setipis mungkin dan bila memungkinkan dibuat dari bahan yang konduktor.<br />
<br />
<em><strong>Termometer Klinis</strong></em><br />
Termometer ini khusus digunakan untuk mendiaknosa penyakit dan bisanya diisi dengan raksa atau alkhohol. Termometer ini mempunyai lekukan sempit diatas wadahnya yang berfungsi untuk menjaga supaya suhu yang ditunjukkan setelah pengukuran tidak berubah setelah termometer diangkat dari badan pasien. Skala pada termometer ini antara 35°C sampai 42°C.<br />
<br />
<em><strong>Termometer Ruangan</strong></em><br />
Termometer ini berfungsi untuk mengukur suhu pada sebuah ruangan. Pada dasarnya termometer ini sama dengan termometer yang lain hanya saja skalanya yang berbeda. Skala termometer ini antara -50°C sampai 50°C<br />
<br />
<em><strong>Termometer Digital</strong></em><br />
Karena perkembangan teknologi maka diciptakanlah termometer digital yang prinsip kerjanya sama dengan termometer yang lainnya yaitu pemuaian. Pada termometer digital menggunakan logam sebagai sensor suhunya yang kemudian memuai dan pemuaiannya ini diterjemahkan oleh rangkaian elektronik dan ditampilkan dalam bentuk angka yang langsung bisa dibaca.<br />
<br />
<em><strong>Termokopel</strong></em><br />
Merupakan termometer yang menggunakan bahan bimetal sebagai alat pokoknya. Ketika terkena panas maka bimetal akan bengkok ke arah yang koefesiennya lebih kecil. Pemuaian ini kemudian dihubungkan dengan jarum dan menunjukkan angka tertentu. Angka yang ditunjukkan jarum ini menunjukkan suhu benda<br />
</div>Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17789261543885384149noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3289582643460075988.post-56484279771094961522011-01-16T02:22:00.000+07:002011-01-16T02:22:58.714+07:00Besaran dan Satuan<div class="entry" style="font-family: inherit;"> <b>Pengertian Besaran</b><br />
<br />
Besaran adalah segala sesuatu yang dapat diukur atau dihitung, dinyatakan dengan angka dan mempunyai satuan.<br />
Dari pengertian ini dapat diartikan bahwa sesuatu itu dapat dikatakan sebagai besaran harus mempunyai 3 syarat yaitu<br />
<ol><li>dapat diukur atau dihitung</li>
<li>dapat dinyatakan dengan angka-angka atau mempunyai nilai</li>
<li>mempunyai satuan</li>
</ol>Bila ada satu saja dari syarat tersebut diatas tidak dipenuhi maka sesuatu itu tidak dapat dikatakan sebagai besaran.<br />
Besaran berdasarkan cara memperolehnya dapat dikelompokkan menjadi 2 macam yaitu :<br />
<ol><li>Besaran <i>Fisika</i> yaitu besaran yang diperoleh dari pengukuran. Karena diperoleh dari pengukuran maka harus ada alat ukurnya. Sebagai contoh adalah massa. Massa merupakan besaran fisika karena massa dapat diukur dengan menggunakan neraca.</li>
<li>Besaran <i>non Fisika</i> yaitu besaran yang diperoleh dari penghitungan. Dalam hal ini tidak diperlukan alat ukur tetapi alat hitung sebagai misal kalkulator. Contoh besaran non fisika adalah <b>Jumlah. </b></li>
</ol>Besaran Fisika sendiri dibagi menjadi 2<br />
<ol><li>Besaran Pokok adalah besaran yang ditentukan lebih dulu berdasarkan kesepatan para ahli fisika. Besaran pokok yang paling umum ada 7 macam yaitu Panjang (m), Massa (kg), Waktu (s), Suhu (K), Kuat Arus Listrik (A), Intensitas Cahaya (cd), dan Jumlah Zat (mol). Besaran pokok mempunyai ciri khusus antara lain diperoleh dari pengukuran langsung, mempunyai satu satuan (tidak satuan ganda), dan ditetapkan terlebih dahulu.</li>
<li>Besaran Turunan adalah besaran yang diturunkan dari besaran pokok. Besaran ini ada banyak macamnya sebagai contoh gaya (N) diturunkan dari besaran pokok massa, panjang dan waktu. Volume (meter kubik) diturunkan dari besaran pokok panjang, dan lain-lain. Besaran turunan mempunyai ciri khusus antara lain : diperoleh dari pengukuran langsung dan tidak langsung, mempunyai satuan lebih dari satu dan diturunkan dari besaran pokok.</li>
</ol>Saat membahas bab Besaran dan Satuan maka kita tidak akan lepas dari satu kegiatan yaitu pengukuran. Pengukuran merupakan kegiatan membandingkan suatu besaran dengan besaran sejenis yang ditetapkan sebagai satuan.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Pengertian Satuan</b><br />
<br />
Satuan didefinisikan sebagai pembanding dalam suatu pengukuran besaran. Setiap besaran mempunyai satuan masing-masing, tidak mungkin dalam 2 besaran yang berbeda mempunyai satuan yang sama. Apa bila ada dua besaran berbeda kemudian mempunyai satuan sama maka besaran itu pada hakekatnya adalah sama. Sebagai contoh Gaya (F) mempunyai satuan Newton dan Berat (w) mempunyai satuan Newton. Besaran ini kelihatannya berbeda tetapi sesungguhnya besaran ini sama yaitu besaran turunan gaya. Untuk melihat berbagai rumus dalam bab besaran dan satuan silakan klik <a href="http://www.4shared.com/document/ZJW7sSJ9/Rumus_Besaran_dan_Satuan.html">http://www.4shared.com/document/ZJW7sSJ9/Rumus_Besaran_dan_Satuan.html</a><br />
<br />
Besaran berdasarkan arah dapat dibedakan menjadi 2 macam<br />
<ol><li> Besaran vektor adalah besaran yang mempunyai nilai dan arah sebagai contoh besaran kecepatan, percepatan dan lain-lain.</li>
<li>Besaran sekalar adalah besaranyang mempunyai nilai saja sebagai contoh kelajuan, perlajuan dan lain-lain.</li>
</ol></div>Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17789261543885384149noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3289582643460075988.post-65470512620098938842011-01-16T02:07:00.000+07:002011-01-16T02:07:17.931+07:00Nama Ilmiah Tumbuhan<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"><td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">1</td> <td class="xl25">Abei</td> <td class="xl26" style="font-style: italic;">Fragaria</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">2</td> <td class="xl25">Abrosia</td> <td class="xl26" style="font-style: italic;">Abrosia spp</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">3</td> <td class="xl25">Abutilon</td> <td class="xl26" style="font-style: italic;">Abutilon spp</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">4</td> <td class="xl23">Acer</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Acer palmatum</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">5</td> <td class="xl23">Adas</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Foeniculum vulgare</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">6</td> <td class="xl23">Adas Sowa</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Aqethum grave</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">7</td> <td class="xl23">Adas-adasan</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Gomphrena globosa</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">8</td> <td class="xl23">Aechmea</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Aechmea</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">9</td> <td class="xl23">Aesculus</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Aesculus hippocastanum</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">10</td> <td class="xl23">Ageratum</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Ageratum<span> </span></td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">11</td> <td class="xl23">Aglaonema</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Aglaonema sp</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">12</td> <td class="xl23">Aglaonema Silver<span> </span></td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Aglaonema commutatum</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">13</td> <td class="xl23">Aglaonema Treubi</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Aglaonema treubi</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">14</td> <td class="xl23">Agropiron</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Agropiron</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">15</td> <td class="xl23">Akalifa</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Acalypha sp</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">16</td> <td class="xl25">Akalifa (Ekor tupai)</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Acalypha wilkesiana</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">17</td> <td class="xl23">Akar Gomet</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Pericamphylus glaucus</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">18</td> <td class="xl23">Akar Kelimpar</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Embalia ribes Burm</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">19</td> <td class="xl23">Akar Kepayang</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Hodgsonia macrocarpa</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">20</td> <td class="xl23">Akar Kucing</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Toddalisa asiatica<span> </span></td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">21</td> <td class="xl23">Akar Naga</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Poliypodium feei</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">22</td> <td class="xl23">Akar Rumput</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Alternanthera sessilis</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">23</td> <td class="xl23">Akar Sambang</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Merremia peltata</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">24</td> <td class="xl23">Akar Slemang</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Merremia umbellata</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">25</td> <td class="xl23">Akar Wangi</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Andropogon zizanioides</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">26</td> <td class="xl23">Akasia</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Cassia sp</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">27</td> <td class="xl23">Alamanda</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Alamanda chatartica</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">28</td> <td class="xl23">Alang-alang</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Imperata cylindrica</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt; page-break-before: always;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">29</td> <td class="xl23">Alba Rosa</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Cordyline terminalis</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">30</td> <td class="xl23">Aleander</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Nerium oleamder</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">31</td> <td class="xl23">Almond</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Prunus dulcis</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">32</td> <td class="xl23">Alpukat</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Persea americana</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">33</td> <td class="xl23">Alstroemeria</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Alstroemeria</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">34</td> <td class="xl23">Aluminium kadri</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Pilea cadierei</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">35</td> <td class="xl23">Alvalva</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Medicago sativa</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">36</td> <td class="xl23">Alvalva Kuning</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Medicago falcata</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">37</td> <td class="xl23">Ambong-ambong</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Bidens<span> </span></td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">38</td> <td class="xl23">Ambong-ambong (Ketul)</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Bidens pilosa</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">39</td> <td class="xl23">Ambra</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Pelargonium radula</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">40</td> <td class="xl23">Andevi</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Chicorium endivia</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">41</td> <td class="xl23">Andong</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Rhadamnia cinerea</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">42</td> <td class="xl23">Anemon Korona</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Annemon coronaria</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">43</td> <td class="xl23">Anggrek</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Orcidaceae</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">44</td> <td class="xl23">Anggrek Bulan</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Phalaenopsis amabilis</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">45</td> <td class="xl23">Anggrek Buntut Bajing</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Rhinchostylis retusa</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">46</td> <td class="xl23">Anggrek Dendro</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Dedrobium sp</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">47</td> <td class="xl23">Anggrek Dendro Larat</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Dendrobium phalaenopsis</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">48</td> <td class="xl23">Anggrek Dendro Merpati</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Dendrobium crumenatum</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">49</td> <td class="xl23">Anggrek Dendro Rusa</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Dendrobium veratroides</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">50</td> <td class="xl23">Anggrek Dendro Sumba</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Dendrobium purpureum</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">51</td> <td class="xl23">Anggrek Ekor Tupai</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Rhinchostylis retusa</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">52</td> <td class="xl23">Anggrek Eria Kancil</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Eria javanica</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">53</td> <td class="xl23">Anggrek Eria Konde</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Eria albido tomentosa</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">54</td> <td class="xl23">Anggrek Eria Lili</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Eria hyachintoides</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">55</td> <td class="xl23">Anggrek Eria Lily</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Eria hyachintoides</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">56</td> <td class="xl23">Anggrek Eria Mawar</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Eria flvascen</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">57</td> <td class="xl23">Anggrek Eria Rotan</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Eria compressa</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">58</td> <td class="xl23">Anggrek Hitam</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Coelogyne pandurata</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">59</td> <td class="xl23">Anggrek Kalajengking</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Arachnis flos-aeris</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">60</td> <td class="xl23">Anggrek Kasut</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Paphiopedilum sp</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt; page-break-before: always;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">61</td> <td class="xl23">Anggrek Kasut Belang</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Paphiopedilum lowii</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">62</td> <td class="xl23">Anggrek Kasut Berbulu</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Paphiopedilum glaucophyllum</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">63</td> <td class="xl23">Anggrek Kasut Hijau</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Paphiopedilum javanicum</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">64</td> <td class="xl23">Anggrek Kasut Kumis</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Cypripedium chamberlalianum</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">65</td> <td class="xl23">Anggrek Kasut Pita</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Paphiopedilum tonsum</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">66</td> <td class="xl23">Anggrek Kepang</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Pholidota imbricata</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">67</td> <td class="xl23">Anggrek Macan</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Gramatophyllum sp</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">68</td> <td class="xl23">Anggrek Mata Sapi</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Dendrobium anosum</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">69</td> <td class="xl23">Anggrek Oncidium</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Oncidium sp</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">70</td> <td class="xl23">Anggrek Tanah</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Spathoglottis aurea</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">71</td> <td class="xl23">Anggrek Tanah Apuy</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Phajus tankervilliae</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">72</td> <td class="xl23">Anggrek Tanah Coklat</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Phajus callosus</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">73</td> <td class="xl23">Anggrek Tanah Kuning</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Phajus flavus</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">74</td> <td class="xl23">Anggrek Tebu</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Gramatophyllum speciosum</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">75</td> <td class="xl23">Anggrek Vanda</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Vanda</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">76</td> <td class="xl23">Anggrung</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Irema orientalis</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">77</td> <td class="xl23">Anggur</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Vitis vinifera</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">78</td> <td class="xl23">Anggur Amerika Selatan</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Vitis labrusca</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">79</td> <td class="xl23">Anggur Bali</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Alphonso lavalle</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">80</td> <td class="xl23">Anggur Merah</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Vitis vinifera</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">81</td> <td class="xl23">Angsana</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Pterocarpus indica</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">82</td> <td class="xl23">Annemon</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Annemon</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">83</td> <td class="xl23">Anthurium<span> </span></td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Anthurium sp</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">84</td> <td class="xl23">Anthurium Flamingo</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Anthurium adreanum</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">85</td> <td class="xl23">Anthurium Keris</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Anthurium reneissance</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">86</td> <td class="xl23">Anthurium Kuping gajah</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Anthurium crystallinum</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">87</td> <td class="xl23">Anting Putri</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Wrightia religiosa</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">88</td> <td class="xl23">Anting-anting</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Fuchsia</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">89</td> <td class="xl23">Anyang-anyang</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Elaeocarpus glandiflorus</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">90</td> <td class="xl23">Anyelir</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Dianthus caryophyllus</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">91</td> <td class="xl23">Apel</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Malus silveltris</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">92</td> <td class="xl23">Apisditra</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Apisditra elatior</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt; page-break-before: always;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">93</td> <td class="xl23">Aprikot</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Prunus mume</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">94</td> <td class="xl23">Apung</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Azzola pinnata</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">95</td> <td class="xl23">Ara</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Ficus pumnila</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">96</td> <td class="xl23">Aren</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Arenga pinnata</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">97</td> <td class="xl23">Areuy kawao</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Milletia sericea</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">98</td> <td class="xl23">Areuy ki asahan</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Tetracera indica Merr</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">99</td> <td class="xl23">Articoke</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Cynara scolimus</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">100</td> <td class="xl23">Asam Gelugur</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Garcinia atroviridis</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">101</td> <td class="xl23">Asam Jawa</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Tamarindus indica</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">102</td> <td class="xl23">Asam Londo</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Pithecolobium dulce</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">103</td> <td class="xl23">Asam Selong</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Eugenia uniflora</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">104</td> <td class="xl23">Asiri</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Laurus nobilis</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">105</td> <td class="xl23">Asparagus</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Asparague officinalis</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">106</td> <td class="xl23">Asparagus</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Vigna sesquipedalis</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">107</td> <td class="xl23">Aster</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Aster novae-angeliae</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">108</td> <td class="xl23">Awar awar</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Ficus septica</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">109</td> <td class="xl23">Azela (rumput azela)</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Rhododendrum sp</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">110</td> <td class="xl23">Babydoll</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Cordyline terminalis</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">111</td> <td class="xl23">Bacang</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Mangifera foetida</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">112</td> <td class="xl23">Bakau</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Bruguiera conyugata</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">113</td> <td class="xl23">Bakung</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Crinum asiaticum</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">114</td> <td class="xl23">Balam</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Palaquium qutta</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">115</td> <td class="xl23">Balam Merah</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Mallotus paniculate</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">116</td> <td class="xl23">Balam Merah</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Palaquium rostratum</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">117</td> <td class="xl23">Bambu Apus</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Gigantochloa apus</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">118</td> <td class="xl23">Bambu Ater</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Gigantochloa atter</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">119</td> <td class="xl23">Bambu Ater</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Gigantochloa atter</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">120</td> <td class="xl23">Bambu Bangkok</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Schizostachym caudatum</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">121</td> <td class="xl23">Bambu Batu</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Dendrocalamus strictus</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">122</td> <td class="xl23">Bambu Betung</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Dendrocalamus asper</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">123</td> <td class="xl23">Bambu Botol</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Schizostachyum zollingeri</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">124</td> <td class="xl23">Bambu Cangkoreh</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Dinochloa scandens</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt; page-break-before: always;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">125</td> <td class="xl23">Bambu Cendani</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Phyllostachys sp</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">126</td> <td class="xl23">Bambu Duri</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Bambusa spinosa</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">127</td> <td class="xl23">Bambu Embong</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Bambusa horsfieldii</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">128</td> <td class="xl23">Bambu Gading</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Bambusa vulgaris</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">129</td> <td class="xl23">Bambu Gedang</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Bambusa ventricosa</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">130</td> <td class="xl23">Bambu Gombong</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Gigantochloa verticillata</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">131</td> <td class="xl23">Bambu Jepang Variegata</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Arandinaria japonica/Sasa fortunei</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">132</td> <td class="xl23">Bambu Kuning</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Bambusa vulgaris</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">133</td> <td class="xl23">Bambu Kuning</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Phyllostachys sulphurea</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">134</td> <td class="xl23">Bambu Ori</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Bambusa arundinacea</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">135</td> <td class="xl23">Bambu Pagar</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Bambusa glaucescens</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">136</td> <td class="xl23">Bambu Rejeki</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Dracaena</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">137</td> <td class="xl23">Bambu Suling</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Schizostachyum silicatum/Bambusa jacobsii</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">138</td> <td class="xl23">Bambu Tamiang</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Schizostachyum blumei</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">139</td> <td class="xl23">Bambu Telur</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Schizostachyum zollingeri</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">140</td> <td class="xl23">Bambu Wuluh</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Schizostachyum mosum</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">141</td> <td class="xl23">Bambu Wulung</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Phyllostachys puberuka</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">142</td> <td class="xl23">Bandotan</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Ageratum conyzoides</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">143</td> <td class="xl23">Baru Laut</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Thespesia populnea</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">144</td> <td class="xl23">Basia</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Bassia latifplia</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">145</td> <td class="xl23">Batu</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Chaetocarpus castaneicarpus</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">146</td> <td class="xl23">Bawang Bombay</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Allium cepa</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">147</td> <td class="xl23">Bawang Daun</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Allium fistulosum</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">148</td> <td class="xl23">Bawang Lokio</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Allium schoenoprasum</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">149</td> <td class="xl23">Bawang Merah</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Allium ascalonicum</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">150</td> <td class="xl23">Bawang Prei</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Allium porrum</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">151</td> <td class="xl23">Bawang Putih</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Allium sativum</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">152</td> <td class="xl23">Bawang-bawangan</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Zephyranthes spp</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">153</td> <td class="xl23">Bay</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Laurus nobilis</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">154</td> <td class="xl23">Bayam</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Amaranthus sp</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">155</td> <td class="xl23">Bayam Cabut</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Amaranthus tricolor</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">156</td> <td class="xl23">Bayam Duri</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Amaranthus spinosus</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt; page-break-before: always;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">157</td> <td class="xl23">Bayam Eropa</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Spnacia oleracea</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">158</td> <td class="xl23">Bayam Kakap</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Amaranthus hybridus</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">159</td> <td class="xl23">Bayam Merah</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Celosia argentea</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">160</td> <td class="xl23">Bayam Raja</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Amaranthus hybridus</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">161</td> <td class="xl23">Bayam Selandia Baru</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Tetragonia expansa</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">162</td> <td class="xl23">Bayam Srilangka</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Basella alba</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">163</td> <td class="xl23">Bayas</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Oncosperma horidum</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">164</td> <td class="xl23">Bayur</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Pterospermum javanicum</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">165</td> <td class="xl23">Begonia</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Begonia glabra</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">166</td> <td class="xl23">Begonia Florens</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Begonia semperflorens</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">167</td> <td class="xl23">Belian Wangi</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Palaquium obovatum</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">168</td> <td class="xl23">Belimbing manis</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Averrhoa carambola</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">169</td> <td class="xl23">Belimbing wuluh</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Averrhoa bilimbi</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">170</td> <td class="xl23">Belis</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Bellis</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">171</td> <td class="xl23">Beluchus</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Cratoxylon linguistrinum</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">172</td> <td class="xl23">Beluntas</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Pluchea indica</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">173</td> <td class="xl23">Benalu</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Dendrophthoe sp</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">174</td> <td class="xl23">Benalu The/The Hijau</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Dendrophthoe patandra</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">175</td> <td class="xl23">Benda</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Artocarpus elasticus</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">176</td> <td class="xl23">Bengkak</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Hernandia ovigera</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">177</td> <td class="xl23">Bengkirai</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Dryobalanops</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">178</td> <td class="xl23">Bengkuang</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Pachyrrhizus erosus</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">179</td> <td class="xl23">Bengle</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Zingiber cassummunar / Z. Montanum</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">180</td> <td class="xl23">Bengle Hantu</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Zingiber ottensii</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">181</td> <td class="xl23">Bentoel Daun</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Xanthosmoma sagittifolium</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">182</td> <td class="xl23">Benuang</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Duabanga molucana</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">183</td> <td class="xl23">Berangan</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Castanopsis inermis</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">184</td> <td class="xl23">Berangan Duri</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Castanopsis argentea</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">185</td> <td class="xl23">Beras</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Oriza sp</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">186</td> <td class="xl23">Berenuk</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Crescentia cujete</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">187</td> <td class="xl23">Beriang</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Ploiarum alterniflorum</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">188</td> <td class="xl23">Beringin</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Ficus benyamina</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt; page-break-before: always;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">189</td> <td class="xl23">Beringin Karet</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Ficus retusa</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">190</td> <td class="xl23">Beringin Kimeng</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Ficus microcarpa</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">191</td> <td class="xl23">Beringin Korea</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Ficus coreana</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">192</td> <td class="xl23">Besi</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Eusideroxylon zwageri</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">193</td> <td class="xl23">Beti Ayer</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Flueggia virosa</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">194</td> <td class="xl23">Bidani</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Quisqualis indica</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">195</td> <td class="xl23">Bidara</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Zizypus jujuba</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">196</td> <td class="xl23">Bidara Laut</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Ximenia americana</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">197</td> <td class="xl23">Bidara Upas</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Merremia mammosa</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">198</td> <td class="xl23">Bidasari</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Porarna volubilis</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">199</td> <td class="xl23">Bieng-biengan</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Chenopodium<span> </span></td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">200</td> <td class="xl23">Biksa (Gelinggem)</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Bixa orellana</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">201</td> <td class="xl23">Binjai</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Mangifera caesia</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">202</td> <td class="xl23">Bintaro</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Cerbera manghas</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">203</td> <td class="xl23">Bintaro</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Codollam</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">204</td> <td class="xl23">Bira</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Alocasia indica</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">205</td> <td class="xl23">Birch</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Betula pendula</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">206</td> <td class="xl23">Bit<span> </span></td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Beta vulgaris</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">207</td> <td class="xl23">Blencong</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Commersonia bartramia</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">208</td> <td class="xl23">Blestru</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Luffa cylindrica</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">209</td> <td class="xl23">Blewah</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Cucumis melo var cantalupensis</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">210</td> <td class="xl23">Bligo</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Benincasa hispida</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">211</td> <td class="xl23">Blueberry</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Vaccinium spp</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">212</td> <td class="xl23">Bodi</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Ficus religiosa</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">213</td> <td class="xl23">Bodi</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Ficus rumphii</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">214</td> <td class="xl23">Bomaba</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Bomabaceae</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">215</td> <td class="xl23">Bombax</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Bombax buonopozense</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">216</td> <td class="xl23">Borage</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Borrago officinalis</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">217</td> <td class="xl23">Bougenville</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Bougenvilia spectabilis</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">218</td> <td class="xl23">Brokoli</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Brassica oleracea var italica</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">219</td> <td class="xl23">Bromeliad (nanas hias)</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Bromeliad sp</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">220</td> <td class="xl23">Bromus</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Bromus inermis</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt; page-break-before: always;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">221</td> <td class="xl23">Brotowali</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Tinospora tuberculata</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">222</td> <td class="xl23">Bruas</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Garcinia celebica</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">223</td> <td class="xl23">Brucea</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Brucea javanica</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">224</td> <td class="xl23">Buah Ajaib</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Synsepalum dulcificum</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">225</td> <td class="xl23">Buah Mentega</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Diospyros phillippinensis</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">226</td> <td class="xl23">Buah Merah</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Pandanus conoideus</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">227</td> <td class="xl23">Bulan bulan</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Endospermum malaccense</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">228</td> <td class="xl23">Bulangan</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Gmelina philiappensis</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">229</td> <td class="xl23">Bunga Bangkai</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Amorphopalus titanum</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">230</td> <td class="xl23">Bunga Bokor</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Hydrangea macrophylla</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">231</td> <td class="xl23">Bunga Bugang</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Clerodendron calamitosum</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">232</td> <td class="xl23">Bunga Cangkak</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Schima wallichii</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">233</td> <td class="xl23">Bunga embun</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Drosera sp</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">234</td> <td class="xl23">Bunga Kertas</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Zinia elegan</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">235</td> <td class="xl23">Bunga Kuning</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Cassia surattensis</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">236</td> <td class="xl23">Bunga Kupu-Kupu</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Bauhinia purpurea</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">237</td> <td class="xl23">Bunga Lampion Irian</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Mucuna beneetti</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">238</td> <td class="xl23">Bunga Lilin</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Hoya carnosa</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">239</td> <td class="xl23">Bunga Matahari</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Helianthus anuus</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">240</td> <td class="xl23">Bunga Merak</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Caesalpinia pulcherrima</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">241</td> <td class="xl23">Bunga Mulut Naga</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Antirrhinum majus</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">242</td> <td class="xl23">Bunga Negro</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Sinningia speciosa</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">243</td> <td class="xl23">Bunga Pagoda</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Clerodendron paniculatum</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">244</td> <td class="xl23">Bunga Patma</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Rafflesia patma</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">245</td> <td class="xl23">Bunga Pukul Empat</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Mirabilis jalapa</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">246</td> <td class="xl23">Bunga Pulu (Cartamus)</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Carthamus tinctorius</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">247</td> <td class="xl23">Bunga Saputangan</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Maniltoa grandiflora</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">248</td> <td class="xl23">Bunga Sepatu</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Hibiscus rosa sinensis</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">249</td> <td class="xl23">Bunga Susu</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Ervatamia coronaria</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">250</td> <td class="xl23">Bunga Tahi Ayam<span> </span></td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Lantana tamara</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">251</td> <td class="xl23">Bunga Tahi Ayam<span> </span></td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Tagetes</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">252</td> <td class="xl23">Bunga tengah hari</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Pentapetes phoenicea</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt; page-break-before: always;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">253</td> <td class="xl23">Bungur Besar</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Lagerstroemia indica</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">254</td> <td class="xl23">Bungur Jepang</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Lagerstroemia<span> </span></td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">255</td> <td class="xl23">Buni</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Antidesma bunius</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">256</td> <td class="xl23">Bunut</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Ficus glabela</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">257</td> <td class="xl23">Burgundi</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Ficus elastica</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">258</td> <td class="xl23">Buta</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Excoecaria agalocha</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">259</td> <td class="xl23">Butun</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Barringtonia asiatica</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">260</td> <td class="xl23">Buwah Susu</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Passiflora laurifolia</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">261</td> <td class="xl23">Buxus</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Buxus sempervirens</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">262</td> <td class="xl23">Cabai</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Capsicum annum</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">263</td> <td class="xl23">Cabai Besar</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Capsicum annuum var Grossum</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">264</td> <td class="xl23">Cabai Rawit</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Capsicum frutescens</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">265</td> <td class="xl23">Cabe Jawa</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Piper retrofractum</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">266</td> <td class="xl23">Cabe Puyang</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Polygonum hidropiper</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">267</td> <td class="xl23">Cakar Ayam</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Digitaria adscendens</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">268</td> <td class="xl23">Calathea (Pisang hias)</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Calathea sp</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">269</td> <td class="xl23">Calathea Argentea</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Calathea picturata</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">270</td> <td class="xl23">Calathea lurik</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Calathea princeps</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">271</td> <td class="xl23">Calathea Makoyama</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Calathea makoyama</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">272</td> <td class="xl23">Calathea Mawar</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Calathea rosea-picta</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">273</td> <td class="xl23">Calathea zebrina</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Calathea zebrina</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">274</td> <td class="xl23">Calendula</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Calendula officinalis</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">275</td> <td class="xl23">Calincing</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Oxalis corniculata</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">276</td> <td class="xl23">Calodendrum</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Calodendrum capanse</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">277</td> <td class="xl23">Camomille</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Anthemis nobilis</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">278</td> <td class="xl23">Candu</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Papaver semmiferum</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">279</td> <td class="xl23">Cangkring</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Erythrina fusca</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">280</td> <td class="xl23">Cantel</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Sorghum halepense</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">281</td> <td class="xl23">Capayan</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Desmodium umbellatum</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">282</td> <td class="xl23">Caragana</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Caragana arborescen</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">283</td> <td class="xl23">Caria</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Carya illinoinensis</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">284</td> <td class="xl23">Carissa</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Carissa grandiflora</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt; page-break-before: always;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">285</td> <td class="xl23">Cartamus ( Pulu)</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Carthamus tinctorius</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">286</td> <td class="xl23">Cedrus</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Cedrus</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">287</td> <td class="xl23">Cemara angin</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Casuarina equisetifolia</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">288</td> <td class="xl23">Cemara Duri</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Juniperus rigida</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">289</td> <td class="xl23">Cemara Embun</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Casuarina equisetifolia</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">290</td> <td class="xl23">Cemara Kipas</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Casuarina equisetifolia</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">291</td> <td class="xl23">Cemara Laut</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Casuarina equisetifolia</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">292</td> <td class="xl23">Cemara Norfolk</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Araucaria heterophylla</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">293</td> <td class="xl23">Cemara Pinus</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Casuarina cunninghamiana</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">294</td> <td class="xl23">Cemara Pua Pua</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Juniperus chinensis</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">295</td> <td class="xl23">Cemara Putih</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Casuarina equisetifolia</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">296</td> <td class="xl23">Cemara Udang</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Casuarina equisetifolia</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">297</td> <td class="xl23">Cempaka putih</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Michelia alba</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">298</td> <td class="xl23">Cempedak</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Artocarpus champeden</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">299</td> <td class="xl23">Cemplok</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Abutilon indicum</td> </tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">300</td> <td class="xl23">Cendana</td> <td class="xl24" style="font-style: italic;">Santalum album</td></tr>
</tbody></table>Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17789261543885384149noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3289582643460075988.post-20725322259848486462011-01-16T02:04:00.000+07:002011-01-16T02:04:00.531+07:00Nama Ilmiah HewanHewan (Animalia):<br />
<br />
1 Anoa depressicornis = Anoa dataran rendah, Kerbau pendek<br />
2 Anoa quarlesi = Anoa pegunungan<br />
3 Arctictis binturong = Binturung<br />
4 Arctonyx collaris = Pulusan<br />
5 Babyrousa babyrussa = Babirusa<br />
6 Balaenoptera musculus = Paus biru<br />
7 Balaenoptera physalus = Paus bersirip<br />
8 Bos sondaicus = Banteng<br />
9 Capricornis sumatrensis = Kambing Sumatera<br />
10 Cervus kuhli; Axis kuhli = Rusa Bawean<br />
11 Cervus spp. Menjangan, = Rusa sambar (semua jenis dari genus Cervus)<br />
12 Cetacea Paus = (semua jenis dari famili Cetacea)<br />
13 Cuon alpinus = Ajag<br />
14 Cynocephalus variegatus = Kubung, Tando, Walangkekes<br />
15 Cynogale bennetti = Musang air<br />
16 Cynopithecus niger = Monyet hitam Sulawesi<br />
17 Dendrolagus spp. = Kanguru pohon (semua jenis dari genus Dendrolagus)<br />
18 Dicerorhinus sumatrensis = Badak Sumatera<br />
19 Dolphinidae = Lumba-lumba air laut (semua jenis dari famili Dolphinidae)<br />
20 Dugong dugon = Duyung<br />
21 Elephas indicus = Gajah<br />
22 Felis badia = Kucing merah<br />
23 Felis bengalensis = Kucing hutan, Meong congkok<br />
24 Felis marmorota = Kuwuk<br />
25 Felis planiceps = Kucing dampak<br />
26 Felis temmincki = Kucing emas<br />
27 Felis viverrinus = Kucing bakau<br />
28 Helarctos malayanus = Beruang madu<br />
29 Hylobatidae Owa, = Kera tak berbuntut (semua jenis dari famili Hylobatidae)<br />
30 Hystrix brachyura = Landak<br />
31 Iomys horsfieldi = Bajing terbang ekor merah<br />
32 Lariscus hosei = Bajing tanah bergaris<br />
33 Lariscus insignis = Bajing tanah, Tupai tanah<br />
34 Lutra lutra = Lutra<br />
35 Lutra sumatrana = Lutra Sumatera<br />
36 Macaca brunnescens = Monyet Sulawesi<br />
37 Macaca maura = Monyet Sulawesi<br />
38 Macaca pagensis = Bokoi, Beruk Mentawai<br />
39 Macaca tonkeana = Monyet jambul<br />
40 Macrogalidea musschenbroeki = Musang Sulawesi<br />
41 Manis javanica = Trenggiling, Peusing<br />
42 Megaptera novaeangliae = Paus bongkok<br />
43 Muntiacus muntjak = Kidang, Muncak<br />
44 Mydaus javanensis = Sigung<br />
45 Nasalis larvatus = Kahau, Bekantan<br />
46 Neofelis nebulusa = Harimau dahan<br />
47 Nesolagus netscheri = Kelinci Sumatera<br />
48 Nycticebus coucang = Malu-malu<br />
49 Orcaella brevirostris = Lumba-lumba air tawar, Pesut<br />
50 Panthera pardus = Macan kumbang, Macan tutulAdminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17789261543885384149noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3289582643460075988.post-87182012656728612772011-01-16T01:23:00.000+07:002011-01-16T01:23:11.863+07:00Ikatan Kimia<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>Berikut ini Review Dokumen Ikatan Kimia. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><b><span lang="IN">Definisi Ikatan Kimia</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"><span lang="IN">Adalah ikatan yang terjadi antar atom atau antar molekul dengan cara sebagai berikut :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span lang="IN"><span>a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="IN">atom yang 1 melepaskan elektron, sedangkan atom yang lain menerima elektron (serah terima elektron)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span lang="IN"><span>b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="IN">penggunaan bersama pasangan elektron yang berasal dari masing-masing atom yang berikatan</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span lang="IN"><span>c)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="IN">penggunaan bersama pasangan elektron yang berasal dari salah 1 atom yang berikatan</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="IN">Tujuan pembentukan ikatan kimia adalah agar terjadi pencapaian kestabilan suatu unsur.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="IN">Elektron yang berperan pada pembentukan ikatan kimia adalah <u>elektron valensi</u> dari suatu atom/unsur yang terlibat.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="IN">Salah 1 petunjuk dalam pembentukan ikatan kimia adalah adanya 1 golongan unsur yang stabil yaitu golongan VIIIA atau golongan 18 (gas mulia).</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="IN">Maka dari itu, dalam pembentukan ikatan kimia; atom-atom akan membentuk konfigurasi elektron seperti pada unsur gas mulia.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="IN">Unsur gas mulia mempunyai elektron valensi sebanyak 8 (<i>oktet</i>) atau 2 (<i>duplet</i>, yaitu atom Helium).</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 23.4pt;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext; border-style: solid solid double; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN">Periode</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid double none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1.5pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.5in;" width="48"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN">Unsur</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid double none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1.5pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63pt;" width="84"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN">Nomor Atom</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid double none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1.5pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" width="28"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN">K</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid double none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1.5pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 23.7pt;" width="32"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN">L</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid double none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1.5pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 24.5pt;" width="33"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN">M</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid double none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1.5pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 24.5pt;" width="33"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN">N</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid double none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1.5pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 24.5pt;" width="33"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN">O</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid double none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1.5pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.85pt;" width="28"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN">P</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.5in;" width="48"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN">He</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63pt;" width="84"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" width="28"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 23.7pt;" width="32"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 24.5pt;" width="33"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 24.5pt;" width="33"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 24.5pt;" width="33"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.85pt;" width="28"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.5in;" width="48"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN">Ne</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63pt;" width="84"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN">10</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" width="28"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 23.7pt;" width="32"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN">8</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 24.5pt;" width="33"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 24.5pt;" width="33"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 24.5pt;" width="33"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.85pt;" width="28"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.5in;" width="48"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN">Ar</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63pt;" width="84"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN">18</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" width="28"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 23.7pt;" width="32"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN">8</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 24.5pt;" width="33"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN">8</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 24.5pt;" width="33"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 24.5pt;" width="33"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.85pt;" width="28"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.5in;" width="48"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN">Kr</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63pt;" width="84"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN">36</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" width="28"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 23.7pt;" width="32"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN">8</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 24.5pt;" width="33"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN">18</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 24.5pt;" width="33"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN">8</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 24.5pt;" width="33"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.85pt;" width="28"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN">5</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.5in;" width="48"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN">Xe</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63pt;" width="84"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN">54</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" width="28"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 23.7pt;" width="32"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN">8</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 24.5pt;" width="33"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN">18</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 24.5pt;" width="33"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN">18</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 24.5pt;" width="33"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN">8</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.85pt;" width="28"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN">6</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.5in;" width="48"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN">Rn</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63pt;" width="84"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN">86</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" width="28"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 23.7pt;" width="32"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN">8</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 24.5pt;" width="33"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN">18</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 24.5pt;" width="33"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN">32</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 24.5pt;" width="33"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN">18</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.85pt;" width="28"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN">8</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="IN">Kecenderungan unsur-unsur untuk menjadikan konfigurasi elektronnya sama seperti gas mulia terdekat dikenal dengan istilah <b>Aturan Oktet</b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Courier New";"><span>o<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><b><span lang="IN">Lambang Lewis</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"><span lang="IN">Adalah lambang atom yang dilengkapi dengan elektron valensinya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="IN">Lambang Lewis gas mulia menunjukkan 8 elektron valensi (4 pasang).</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="IN">Lambang Lewis unsur dari golongan lain menunjukkan adanya elektron tunggal (belum berpasangan).</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Berdasarkan perubahan konfigurasi elektron yang terjadi pada pembentukan ikatan, maka ikatan kimia dibedakan menjadi 4 yaitu : <i>ikatan ion, ikatan kovalen, ikatan kovalen koordinat / koordinasi / dativ dan ikatan logam.</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN">1). <span> </span>Ikatan Ion ( elektrovalen )</span></b></div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Terjadi jika atom unsur yang memiliki <i>energi ionisasi kecil/rendah</i> melepaskan elektron valensinya (membentuk kation) dan atom unsur lain yang mempunyai <i>afinitas elektron besar/tinggi</i> menangkap/menerima elektron tersebut (membentuk anion).</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Kedua ion tersebut kemudian saling berikatan dengan <i><u>gaya elektrostatis</u></i> (sesuai hukum Coulomb).</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Unsur yang <u>cenderung melepaskan elektron</u> adalah <i>unsur logam</i> sedangkan unsur yang <u>cenderung menerima elektron</u> adalah <i>unsur non logam</i>.</span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"><br />
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